render (1)

render < infile.r3d > outfile.png

render -png < infile.r3d > outfile.png

render -avs < infile.r3d > outfile.avs

render [-quality NN] -jpeg < infile.r3d > outfile.jpeg

render -tiff outfile.tiff < infile.r3d

render -sgi [outfile.rgb] < infile.r3d

Render reads an ascii file consisting of several header lines followed by individual object descriptors. The objects are rendered using a fast Z-buffer algorithm to produce a high quality pixel image which contains one light source, additional non-shadowing light sources, specular highlighting, transparency, and Phong shaded surfaces. Output is to stdout [or optional file] in the form of a pixel image with 24 bits of color information per pixel. The default output format is PNG.

-aa

Force anti-aliasing (SCHEME 4)

-alpha

Force output of transparency information (SCHEME 0). This only works if the output image format supports an alpha channel (AVS, TIFF, but not JPEG). Note that this turns off anti-aliasing.

-avs [outfile.avs]

By default render will produce an PNG image on stdout. The -avs flag will cause it to output an AVS image file instead, or stream the output to stdout if no file is specified.

-bg white|black|#RRGGBB

Set background color. #RRGGBB is a hexadecimal number representing the red, green and blue components.

-draft

Turn off anti-aliasing (SCHEME 1) to increase rendering speed.

-fontscale

Only meaningful in conjunction with the -labels option. Modifies the interpretation of font sizes during label processing. Defaults to -fontscale 3.0, which will generate images whose labels are at the correct nominal font size when printed at 300 dpi. For images to be viewed on the screen, you probably want to set -fontscale 1.

-gamma GG

Apply gamma correction to output image.

-help

Prints a short summary of command line options.

-invert

Invert image top-to-bottom. This may be necessary if you are using some odd viewing program.

-jpeg [outfile.jpeg]

By default render will produce an PNG image on stdout. The -jpeg flag will cause it to output a JPEG image file instead, or stream the output to stdout if no file is specified.

-labels

Process labels (object types 10, 11, 12) and include them in the rendered image.

-png [outfile.png]

This is now the default output format. The -png flag will stream the output to stdout if no file is specified.

-quality

Only meaningful in conjunction with -jpeg option; sets the quality (compression level) of the output image. Allowable values 1 - 100 (default 90).

-[no]shadow

Turn shadowing on or off.

-size HHHxVVV

Override the image size parameters (NTX,NTY,NPX,NPY) in file header and produce an output image that is exactly HHH pixels in the horizontal and VVV pixels in the vertical.

-sgi [filename.rgb]

Only if compiled with -DLIBIMAGE_SUPPORT. The -sgi flag will cause render to output an SGI libimage style *.rgb file instead of writing to stdout. The filename defaults to render.rgb, but specifying a file on the command line will override this default.

-tiff filename

Only if compiled with -DTIFF_SUPPORT. The -tiff flag will cause render to output a TIFF image to the specified file instead of writing to stdout.

-transparent

(same as -alpha). Force output of transparency information (SCHEME 0). This only works if the output image format supports an alpha channel (AVS, TIFF, but not JPEG). Note that this turns off anti-aliasing.

-zoom ZZ[%]

Rescale image by factor ZZ (ZZ% if the % sign is present).

TITLE

Anything you like, up to 80 characters.

NTX,NTY

Number of "tiles" in each direction. (The image is rendered piecemeal by dividing it into an array of equal size rectangular tiles.) The width of the output image in pixels is NTX*NPX by NTY*NPY. The speed of the program is sensitive to the number of tiles. However, as a convenience you can set NPX and NPY to zero and use NTX, NTY to provide the net size of the output image in pixels. In this case the program will choose the number of tiles itself so that you don't have to worry about it.

NPX,NPY

Number of computing pixels per tile in each direction. Maximum = 36 (MAXNPX, MAXNPY in render.f). If you set NPX and NPY to zero, the program will use NTX and NTY as the net size of the image in pixels.

SCHEME

Pixel averaging (anti-aliasing) scheme. Anti-aliasing reduces the jaggedness of edges at the cost of additional computation. 0 no anti-aliasing, include alpha blend (matte) channel 1 no anti-alaising, no matte channel 2 anti-alias by averaging 2x2 block of computed pixels for

   each output pixel. Resulting image dimensions are 1/2 of
   the nominal requested size.

3 anti-alias by averaging 3x3 block of computed pixels for

   each 2x2 block of output pixels. Resulting image
   dimensions are 2/3 of the nominal requested size.
   (obsolete - use scheme 4 instead)

4 anti-alias as in scheme 3, but output image dimensions

   are exactly as requested.

I.e. schemes 0, 1, and 4 produce a NTX*NPX by NTY*NPY pixel image; scheme 3 produces a (2/3)NTX*NPX by (2/3)NTY*NPY image. Scheme 3 requires NPX and NPY to be divisible by 3. Schemes 2 and 4 require NPX and NPY to be divisible by 2.

BKGND

Background colour (red, green, and blue components, each in the range 0 to 1).

SHADOW

T to calculate shadowing within the scene, F to omit shadows

IPHONG

Phong power (e.g., 25) for specular reflections. A smaller value results in a larger spot.

STRAIT

Straight-on (secondary) light source contribution (e.g., 0.15). The primary light source contribution (see also SOURCE below) is given by PRIMAR = 1 - STRAIT.

AMBIEN

Ambient reflection quantity (e.g., 0.05).

SPECLR

Specular reflection quantity (e.g., 0.25). The diffuse reflection quantity is given by DIFFUS = 1 - (AMBIEN+SPECLR). Ambient and diffuse reflections are chromatic, taking on the specified colour of each object, whereas specular reflections are white.

EYEPOS

You can think of the image produced by Raster3D as corresponding to a photograph taken by a camera placed a certain distance away from the objects making up the scene. This distance is controlled by the EYEPOS parameter. EYEPOS = 4 describes a perspective corresponding to a viewing distance 4 times the narrow dimension of the described scene. EYEPOS = 0 disables perspective.

SOURCE

Primary light source position (e.g., 1 1 1). This is a white light point source at infinite distance in the direction of this vector (see note on co-ordinate convention below). The secondary light source is always haed-on. Only the primary light source casts shadows.

TMAT

Homogeneous global transformation for input objects, given as a 4x4 matrix on 4 lines just as you would write it if you intended it to be a postfix (suffix) operator. The upper left 3x3 submatrix expresses a pure rotation, the lower left 1x3 submatrix gives a translation, the upper right 3x1 submatrix should be zero (otherwise extra perspective is introduced), and the lower right scalar produces global scaling. Coordinate vectors [x y z] are extended with a 1 to make them homogeneous, and then postmultiplied by the entire matrix; i.e., if

      [x' y' z' h'] = [x y z 1][TMAT],

then the ultimate co-ordinates are

      [x" y" z"] = (1/h')[x' y' z'].

INMODE

Object input mode (1, 2, or 3), where mode 1 means that all objects are triangles, mode 2 means that all objects are spheres, and mode 3 means that each object will be preceded by a record containing a single number indicating its type. The Raster3D programs always use mode INMODE 3. type 1 = triangle type 2 = sphere type 3 = round-ended cylinder type 4 (not used) type 5 = flat-ended cylinder type 6 = plane (triangle with infinite extent) type 7 = normals at vertices of previous triangle type 8 = material properties for subsequent objects type 9 = terminate previous material properties type 10/11/12 = reserved for label processing type 13 = glow light source type 14 = quadric surface type 15 = do not apply TMAT to subsequent objects type 16 = global rendering properties type 17 = colors for vertices of preceding triangle or cylinder type 0 = end of input file

INFMT or INFMTS Object input format specifier(s). Normally * for free-format input.

SAMPLE HEADER

Title (This is a 1280x1024 pixel anti-aliased image) 80 64 tiles in x,y 24 24 pixels (x,y) per tile 3 anti-aliasing level 3; 3x3->2x2 0 0 0 black background F no shadows cast 25 Phong power 0.25 secondary light contribution 0.05 ambient light contribution 0.25 specular reflection component 4.0 eye position 1 1 1 main light source (from over right shoulder) 1 0 0 0 TMAT matrix describing 0 1 0 0 input coordinate transformation 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0.6 enlarge by 40% (smaller scalar -> bigger objects) 3 mixed objects * (free format triangle descriptors) * (free format sphere descriptors) * (free format cylinder descriptors)

At any point in the input stream to render where an object descriptor would be legal, it is also legal to insert a line beginning with `@'. In this case the remainder of the line is interpreted as the name of a file from which further input is taken. This mechanism makes it possible to re-use standard objects in multiple rendered scenes, e.g. a set of bounding planes or standard definitions of material properties. When input from this level of file indirection is terminated by encountering an object descriptor of type 0, control returns to the previous input stream. Multiple levels of file indirection are possible.

Files are first searched for in the current directory. If this search fails, they are sought relative to the library directory specified by the environmental variable R3D_LIB.

For Raster3D object types and object descriptor formats, see the man page for r3d_objects.

Some error messages may be safely ignored.

Possible shadowing error NSXMAX= xxx

This is most usually caused by an object which projects far out of the field of view, for example a plane surface. In most cases the shadowing "error" refers to a shadow which lies outside of the image entirely. However, if your image does in fact contain missing or truncated shadows you can overcome this problem by re-compiling the render program with larger values of NSX and NSY as indicated by the error message.

web URL: http://www.bmsc.washington.edu/raster3d/raster3d.html

contact: Ethan A Merritt University of Washington, Seattle WA 98195 [email protected]

HTML and PostScript documentation r3d_objects(l), avs2ps(l), rastep(l), rods(l), ribbon(l), balls(l), stereo3d(l)

Originally written by David J. Bacon. Extensions, revisions, and modifications by Ethan A Merritt.