bup-index (1)

bup index <-p|-m|-s|-u> [-H][-l] [-x][\--fake-valid] [--no-check-device][\--fake-invalid] [--check][\--clear] [-f indexfile][\--exclude *path*] [--exclude-from filename][\--exclude-rx *pattern*] [-v] <filenames...>

bup index prints and/or updates the bup filesystem index, which is a cache of the filenames, attributes, and sha-1 hashes of each file and directory in the filesystem. The bup index is similar in function to the git(1) index, and can be found in $BUP_DIR/bupindex.

Creating a backup in bup consists of two steps: updating the index with bup index, then actually backing up the files (or a subset of the files) with bup save. The separation exists for these reasons:

1.

There is more than one way to generate a list of files that need to be backed up. For example, you might want to use inotify(7) or dnotify(7).

2.

Even if you back up files to multiple destinations (for added redundancy), the file names, attributes, and hashes will be the same each time. Thus, you can save the trouble of repeatedly re-generating the list of files for each backup set.

3.

You may want to use the data tracked by bup index for other purposes (such as speeding up other programs that need the same information).

bup makes accommodations for the expected "worst-case" filesystem timestamp resolution -- currently one second; examples include VFAT, ext2, ext3, small ext4, etc. Since bup cannot know the filesystem timestamp resolution, and could be traversing multiple filesystems during any given run, it always assumes that the resolution may be no better than one second.

As a practical matter, this means that index updates are a bit imprecise, and so bup save may occasionally record filesystem changes that you didn\[aq]t expect. That\[aq]s because, during an index update, if bup encounters a path whose actual timestamps are more recent than one second before the update started, bup will set the index timestamps for that path (mtime and ctime) to exactly one second before the run, -- effectively capping those values.

This ensures that no subsequent changes to those paths can result in timestamps that are identical to those in the index. If that were possible, bup could overlook the modifications.

You can see the effect of this behavior in this example (assume that less than one second elapses between the initial file creation and first index run):

• $ touch src/1 src/2
  # A "sleep 1" here would avoid the unexpected save.
  $ bup index src
  $ bup save -n src src  # Saves 1 and 2.
  $ date > src/1
  $ bup index src
  $ date > src/2         # Not indexed.
  $ bup save -n src src  # But src/2 is saved anyway.
  
  

Strictly speaking, bup should not notice the change to src/2, but it does, due to the accommodations described above.

-u, --update

recursively update the index for the given filenames and their descendants. One or more filenames must be given. If no mode option is given, this is the default.

-p, --print

print the contents of the index. If filenames are given, shows the given entries and their descendants. If no filenames are given, shows the entries starting at the current working directory (.).

-m, --modified

prints only files which are marked as modified (ie. changed since the most recent backup) in the index. Implies -p.

-s, --status

prepend a status code (A, M, D, or space) before each filename. Implies -p. The codes mean, respectively, that a file is marked in the index as added, modified, deleted, or unchanged since the last backup.

-H, --hash

for each file printed, prepend the most recently recorded hash code. The hash code is normally generated by bup save. For objects which have not yet been backed up, the hash code will be 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000. Note that the hash code is printed even if the file is known to be modified or deleted in the index (ie. the file on the filesystem no longer matches the recorded hash). If this is a problem for you, use --status.

-l, --long

print more information about each file, in a similar format to the -l option to ls(1).

-x, --xdev, --one-file-system

don\[aq]t cross filesystem boundaries when recursing through the filesystem. Only applicable if you\[aq]re using -u.

--fake-valid

mark specified filenames as up-to-date even if they aren\[aq]t. This can be useful for testing, or to avoid unnecessarily backing up files that you know are boring.

--fake-invalid

mark specified filenames as not up-to-date, forcing the next "bup save" run to re-check their contents.

--check

carefully check index file integrity before and after updating. Mostly useful for automated tests.

--clear

clear the default index.

-f, --indexfile=indexfile

use a different index filename instead of $BUP_DIR/bupindex.

--exclude=path

exclude path from the backup; bup will not expand path in any way (can be used more than once).

--exclude-from=filename

read --exclude paths from filename, one path per-line (can be used more than once).

--exclude-rx=pattern

exclude any path matching pattern, which must be a Python regular expression (http://docs.python.org/library/re.html). The pattern will be compared against the full path, without anchoring, so "x/y" will match "ox/yard" or "box/yards". To exclude the contents of /tmp, but not the directory itself, use "^/tmp/.". (can be specified more than once)

Examples:

\[bu]

\[aq]/foo$\[aq] - exclude any file named foo

\[bu]

\[aq]/foo/$\[aq] - exclude any directory named foo

\[bu]

\[aq]/foo/.\[aq] - exclude the content of any directory named foo

\[bu]

\[aq]^/tmp/.\[aq] - exclude root-level /tmp\[aq]s content, but not /tmp itself

--no-check-device

don\[aq]t mark a an entry invalid if the device number (stat(2) st_dev) changes. This can be useful when indexing remote, automounted, or (LVM) snapshot filesystems.

-v, --verbose

increase log output during update (can be used more than once). With one -v, print each directory as it is updated; with two -v, print each file too.

• bup index -vux /etc /var /usr
  
  

bup-save(1), bup-drecurse(1), bup-on(1)

Part of the bup(1) suite.

Avery Pennarun <[email protected]>.