Hash::AsObject (3pm)

    $h = Hash::AsObject->new;
    $h->foo(123);
    print $h->foo;       # prints 123
    print $h->{'foo'};   # prints 123
    $h->{'bar'}{'baz'} = 456;
    print $h->bar->baz;  # prints 456

A Hash::AsObject is a blessed hash that provides read-write access to its elements using accessors. (Actually, they're both accessors and mutators.)

It's designed to act as much like a plain hash as possible; this means, for example, that you can use methods like \*(C`DESTROY\*(C' to get or set hash elements with that name. See below for more information.

The whole point of this module is to provide arbitrary methods. For the most part, these are defined at runtime by a specially written \*(C`AUTOLOAD\*(C' function.

In order to behave properly in all cases, however, a number of special methods and functions must be supported. Some of these are defined while others are simply emulated in \s-1AUTOLOAD\s0.

new

$h = Hash::AsObject->new; $h = Hash::AsObject->new(\%some_hash); $h = Hash::AsObject->new(%some_other_hash); Create a new Hash::AsObject. If called as an instance method, this accesses a hash element 'new': $h->{'new'} = 123; $h->new; # 123 $h->new(456); # 456

isa

This method cannot be used to access a hash element 'isa', because Hash::AsObject doesn't attempt to handle it specially.

can

Similarly, this can't be used to access a hash element 'can'.

\s-1AUTOLOAD\s0

$h->{'AUTOLOAD'} = 'abc'; $h->AUTOLOAD; # 'abc' $h->AUTOLOAD('xyz') # 'xyz' Hash::AsObject::AUTOLOAD recognizes when \s-1AUTOLOAD\s0 is begin called as an instance method, and treats this as an attempt to get or set the '\s-1AUTOLOAD\s0' hash element.

\s-1DESTROY\s0

$h->{'DESTROY'} = []; $h->DESTROY; # [] $h->DESTROY({}) # {} \*(C`DESTROY\*(C' is called automatically by the Perl runtime when an object goes out of scope. A Hash::AsObject can't distinguish this from a call to access the element $h->{'\s-1DESTROY\s0'}, and so it blithely gets (or sets) the hash's '\s-1DESTROY\s0' element; this isn't a problem, since the Perl interpreter discards any value that \s-1DESTROY\s0 returns when called automatically.

\s-1VERSION\s0

When called as a class method, this returns $Hash::AsObject::VERSION; when called as an instance method, it gets or sets the hash element '\s-1VERSION\s0';

import

Since Hash::AsObject doesn't export any symbols, this method has no special significance and you can safely call it as a method to get or set an 'import' element. When called as a class method, nothing happens.

The methods \*(C`can()\*(C' and \*(C`isa()\*(C' are special, because they're defined in the \*(C`UNIVERSAL\*(C' class that all packages automatically inherit from. Unfortunately, this means that you can't use Hash::AsObject to access elements 'can' and 'isa'.

No distinction is made between non-existent elements and those that are present but undefined. Furthermore, there's no way to delete an element without resorting to \*(C`delete $h->{'foo'}\*(C'.

Storing a hash directly into an element of a Hash::AsObject instance has the effect of blessing that hash into Hash::AsObject.

For example, the following code:

my $h = Hash::AsObject->new; my $foo = { 'bar' => 1, 'baz' => 2 }; print ref($foo), "\n"; $h->foo($foo); print ref($foo), "\n";

Produces the following output:

HASH Hash::AsObject

I could fix this, but then code like the following would throw an exception, because \*(C`$h->foo($foo)\*(C' will return a plain hash reference, not an object:

$h->foo($foo)->bar;

Well, I can make \*(C`$h->foo($foo)->bar\*(C' work, but then code like this won't have the desired effect:

my $foo = { 'bar' => 123 }; $h->foo($foo); $h->foo->bar(456); print $foo->{'bar'}; # prints 123 print $h->foo->bar; # prints 456

I suppose I could fix that, but that's an awful lot of work for little apparent benefit.

Let me know if you have any thoughts on this.

Autovivification is probably not emulated correctly.

The blessing of hashes stored in a Hash::AsObject might be considered a bug. Or a feature; it depends on your point of view.

• Add the capability to delete elements, perhaps like this: use Hash::AsObject 'deleter' => 'kill'; $h = Hash::AsObject->new({'one' => 1, 'two' => 2}); kill $h, 'one'; That might seem to violate the prohibition against exporting functions from object-oriented packages, but then technically it wouldn't be exporting it from anywhere since the function would be constructed by hand. Alternatively, it could work like this: use Hash::AsObject 'deleter' => 'kill'; $h = Hash::AsObject->new({'one' => 1, 'two' => 2}); $h->kill('one'); But, again, what if the hash contained an element named 'kill'?

• Define multiple classes in \*(C`Hash/AsObject.pm\*(C'? For example, there could be one package for read-only access to a hash, one for hashes that throw exceptions when accessors for non-existent keys are called, etc. But this is hard to do fully without (a) altering the underlying hash, or (b) defining methods besides \s-1AUTOLOAD\s0. Hmmm...

0.06

Paul Hoffman <nkuitse \s-1AT\s0 cpan \s-1DOT\s0 org>

Andy Wardley for Template::Stash, which was my inspiration. Writing template code like this:

[% foo.bar.baz(qux) %]

Made me yearn to write Perl code like this:

foo->bar->baz($qux);

Copyright 2003-2007 Paul M. Hoffman. All rights reserved.

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.